Essay on Abstract Post-traumatic Stress - 824 Words

Post –Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Melissa DiMichele Psychology 100 June 10, 2011 Abstract Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder also known as PTSD is an emotional condition that can develop following a terrifying or traumatic event. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder also known as PTSD is an emotional condition that can develop following a traumatic or terrifying event. PTSD has only been recognized as a diagnosis since 1980. This emotional disorder was brought to public attention after soldiers would return home and often referred to as â€Å"shell shock or combat fatigue†. This Disorder can occur at any age and affects approximately eight percent of the adult population.†¦show more content†¦First, 2000). Some people may even try to block out part of the events that occurred all together. A similar disorder in symptoms is known as Acute Stress Disorder. The difference between these two diagnoses is that acute stress disorder only last two days to four weeks and requires less symptoms to make a diagnosis. Research has indicated that people who have experienced and extreme amount of stress or traumatic event sometimes have a smaller hippocampus region of the brain in adults with chronic PTSD and early childhood trauma. This is the part of the brain that is responsible for memory. The reduction in size may be caused by a combination of the environment and genetics (NARSAD.com). People who are diagnosed with this disorder are more likely to have trouble with relationships, smoke cigarettes, abuse drugs and or alcohol use. If PTSD is left untreated it can have devastating lasting effects. PTSD is not easily treated. Sometimes people can not only suffer mentally but have physical impairments from the event as well. This can make it hard for them to obtain the treatment they need. A combination of medications and psychotherapy is usually recommended and is the most effect form of treatment for PTSD. The earlier a person seeks treatment for this disorder the better the outcome will be. The medications are used to help people cope with their emotions while the psychotherapy will helpShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )989 Words   |  4 Pages Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Sarah Batson Eastern Florida State College, Melbourne CLP 2140 03M Abstract In today s society, it has become prevalent that the amount of individuals suffering from mental illnesses is rapidly increasing. This paper will focus on one of the disorders associated with mental illness – Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The introduction will define and describe the disorder, and the following paragraphs will discuss causes, symptoms, target populationsRead MoreQuestions On Taking Back Your Life Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesLife Abstract Humans desire to experience life to the fullest extent as our cognitive abilities allow. Unfortunately unhealthy stimuli from traumatic experiences severely hinder our abilities to communicate to ourselves and others, both verbally and nonverbally, while navigating through life. Some of these unhealthy stimuli result in severe mental illness and on a lesser extent yet still pervasive in our culture are early life adversities including physical and verbal abuses and post traumaticRead MoreThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress On Brain Functioning1748 Words   |  7 PagesHypothesis and Aims The aim of this study is to assess the effects of post-traumatic stress on brain functioning, in particular executive functioning and information processing of children and adolescents. This study also aims to evaluate prazosin as a treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Specifically, the study focuses on the treatment of sleep disturbances such as insomnia, nightmares and altered sleep schedules. The hypotheses of this study is that the subjectsRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )3157 Words   |  13 Pages Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and its Relation to Military Service Members Brianna C. Smith Paine College â€Æ' Abstract This paper explores post-traumatic stress and how it is seen as a disorder. Post-traumatic stress can manifest into post-traumatic stress disorder. The evaluation and review books and articles seem to reveal a relation to these symptoms and military member, either active or non-active veterans. These symptoms do not manifest strictly into the full-extent of the disorder in allRead MoreInterventions For Children Exposed At Intimate Partner Violence1421 Words   |  6 PagesMarie Garza Florida Atlantic University Abstract Recently, it has been acknowledged that not only does intimate partner violence affect the victim, but it may also cause psychological damage to children who may be exposed to it, both directly and indirectly. This paper will aim to examine two types of evidenced-based interventions available for children who have been exposed to intimate partner violence and have developed Post Traumatic Stress Disorder as a result. The analysis provided forRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )2740 Words   |  11 PagesPOST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Preview of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD for short, is a mental health state that is provoked by experiencing or seeing a horrifying event. Some symptoms of PTSD can include flashbacks, nightmares and anxiety. There are many types of PTSD that will be discussed. Along with the services these victims may receive, the various treatments they can get, and the outcome of each of these treatments. Often times people can experienceRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay4334 Words   |  18 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been the focus of considerable attention, and some controversy, since it was formally recognised in 1980 by the American Psychiatric Association. This essay will discuss the history of this relatively new diagnosis and its place within the DSM-IV-TR, whilst three perspectives of pathological reaction to trauma, namely, socio-cultural, psychological and biological factors will also be compared. In conclusion this essay will discuss how the three perspectivesRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )3279 Words   |  14 PagesAbstract There is increasing awareness surrounding rates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), especially within the youth population. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) has shown that it can be an effective therapy choice for youths suffering from PTSD. Although EMDR was originally created used with Adults, it has shown to be efficacious when implemented with youths as well. For the purpose of this paper, the term ‘youth’ can refer to any minor over the age of six. This paperRead MoreAcute Stress Disorder3168 Words   |  13 PagesAcute Stress Disorder Brett D. Klawitter Liberty University Abstract Acute Stress Disorder or ASD is a phenomenon that happens during or shortly after a traumatic event. It can affect people in many different ways but it is usually debilitating for up to one month. There has been controversy and stigma attached to the diagnosis of ASD since it was first added to the DSM-IV. This paper will illustrate the definition of ASD, the diagnostic guidelines, the difference between ASD and Acute StressRead MoreThe Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )2891 Words   |  12 Pages Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder Introductory Psychology Psych 1101 - Spring Semester 2015 B. Moser March 30, 2015 Karen C. Lewis Abstract Imagine your worst nightmare. Now imagine your worst nightmare relived over and over again, but never being able to get away from the intruding thoughts about it or flashbacks from it. For someone with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, this is the everyday hell that they encounter. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD, is a silent attacker that at

Second Foundation Prologue Free Essays

The First Galactic Empire had endured for tens of thousands of years. It had included all the planets of the Galaxy in a centralized rule, sometimes tyrannical, sometimes benevolent, always orderly. Human beings had forgotten that any other form of existence could be. We will write a custom essay sample on Second Foundation Prologue or any similar topic only for you Order Now All except Hari Seldon. Hari Seldon was the last great scientist of the First Empire. It was he who brought the science of psycho-history to its full development. Psycho-history was the quintessence of sociology, it was the science of human behavior reduced to mathematical equations. The individual human being is unpredictable, but the reactions of human mobs, Seldon found, could be treated statistically. The larger the mob, the greater the accuracy that could be achieved. And the size of the human masses that Seldon worked with was no less than the population of the Galaxy which in his time was numbered in the quintillions. It was Seldon, then, who foresaw, against all common sense and popular belief, that the brilliant Empire which seemed so strong was in a state of irremediable decay and decline. He foresaw (or he solved his equations and interpreted its symbols, which amounts to the same thing) that left to itself, the Galaxy would pass through a thirty thousand year period of misery and anarchy before a unified government would rise once more. He set about to remedy the situation, to bring about a state of affairs that would restore peace and civilization in a single thousand of years. Carefully, he set up two colonies of scientists that he called â€Å"Foundations.† With deliberate intention, he set them up â€Å"at opposite ends of the Galaxy.† One Foundation was set up in the full daylight of publicity. The existence of the other, the Second Foundation, was drowned in silence. In Foundation (Gnome, 1951) and Foundation and Empire (Gnome, 1952) are told the first three centuries of the history of the First Foundation. It began as a small community of Encyclopedists lost in the emptiness of the outer periphery of the Galaxy. Periodically, it faced a crisis in which the variables of human intercourse, of the social and economic currents of the time constricted about it. Its freedom to move lay along only one certain line and when it moved in that direction, a new horizon of development opened before it. All had been planned by Hari Seldon, long dead now. The First Foundation, with its superior science, took over the barbarized planets that surrounded it. It faced the anarchic Warlords that broke away from the dying Empire and beat them. It faced the remnant of the Empire itself under its last strong Emperor and its last strong General and beat it. Then it faced something which Hari Seldon could not foresee, the overwhelming power of a single human being, a Mutant. The creature known as the Mule was born with the ability to mold men’s emotions and to shape their minds. His bitterest opponents were made into his devoted servants. Armies could not, would not fight him. Before him, the First Foundation fell and Seldon’s schemes lay partly in ruins. There was left the mysterious Second Foundation, the goal of all searches. The Mule must find it to make his conquest of the Galaxy complete. The faithful of what was left of the First Foundation must find it for quite another reason. But where was it? That no one knew. This, then, is the story of the search for the Second Foundation! How to cite Second Foundation Prologue, Essay examples

John donne as a metaphysical poet Essay Example For Students

John donne as a metaphysical poet Essay Done in respect of the manifestation of metaphysical beauty was an unparalleled and super ordinate among all poets such as Richard Crash, Henry Vaughan, Abraham Cooley, George Herbert, Andrew Marvel and many more. Done, in fact, gave a breakthrough about the initiation of a new form of poetry-metaphysical poetry. He was natural, unconventional, and persistently believed in the argumentation and cross analysis of his thoughts and emotions through direct languages. He also concentrated on love and religion through intellectual, analytical and psychological point of view. His poetry is not only scholastic and witty but also reflective and philosophical. Key Words: Conceit, Elizabethan poetry, Epigram, Metaphysical poetry, Paradox and Ratiocination. INTRODUCTION The metaphysical poets have immense power and capability to wonder the reader and cajole inventive perspective through paradoxical images, subtle argument, innovative syntax and imagery from art, philosophy and religion implying an extended metaphor known as conceit. The term metaphysical broadly applied to English and European poets of the seventeenth century was used by Augustan poets John Dryden and Samuel Johnson to reprove those poets for their unnaturalness. John Dryden was the first to use the term metaphysical in association with John Done as he affects the metaphysics. Goethe, likewise, wrote, The unnatural, that too is natural and metaphysical poets are studied for their intricacy and originality. It will not be irrelevant and absurd to say, Metaphysics in poetry is the fruit of the Renaissance tree, becoming over-ripe and approaching putrescence (C. S. Lewis). Scholars 325 described the characteristics of metaphysical poetry from different point of view. They, in fact, lay out the essence of metaphysical poem, as does R. S. Hillier to call, Loosely, it has taken such meanings as thesemetaphysical poetry as difficult, philosophical, obscure, ethereal, involved, supercilious, ingenious, fantastic and incongruous. EPIGRAM AND DONNAS METAPHYSICAL POETRY Concentration is one of the features of metaphysical otter especially in Donnas poetry because he introduces the readers to the new realm of argument and the closely interwoven thought, emotion and affection. We can find the communion of two souls of lovers into one existence in The Ecstasy where Done intended to explain the different acts of love and the function of man as worthily performed man. The concept, here, of concentrat ion on mutual but powerful setting of International Journal http://www. R]Ella. Com love gets strength without digression. The poet expresses thus: Our hands were firmly cemented with a fast balm, which thence did spring. An extended form of epigram (a short poem or phrase that expresses an idea in clever or amusing way) fructifies the essence of metaphysical poetry where no words or expressions are not wasted and poets emotions get logical solution. The verse forms are small and simple and bring about strong sense through examples from science and religion. For example, John Done used epigram in his poem Hero and Leander when he writes thus: Both robbed of air, we both lie in one ground Both whom one fire had burnt, one water drowned. Though there is no apparent humor in this poem, there is a contradiction, which indicates limitless inquisition in poets heart. There is a question how could two people die by both fire and water? The readers stand before the confusion, which definitely leads to the long-awaited solution. METAPHYSICAL CONCEITS AND DONNAS POETRY The concept of metaphysical conceit is anoth er but most appealing and brilliant aspect of metaphysical poetry and Donnas poetry gets stages of development through the scientific implications of metaphorical conceit where he showed profusely his analytic genius through the convinced conceit. Literature study on Singapore EssayConceit (a clever or sharp expression in writing or speech that involves a comparison between two similar things) is an enticing and essential part of Donnas poetry that strengthens the basement of argument and allures far-fetched concepts with logical supposition. Dry. Johnson called conceits, the most heterogeneous ideas yoked by violence together. In this sense, Done may well be claimed to be emblematic of metaphysical poetry. The most immediate striking feature of Metaphysical style forged by Done is its use of the conceit (Mackenzie, 1990:54). Donnas conceits are instrumental in a sense that they retain the attentiveness of readers and help the emotion pass through different dimensions. Ben Jacksons criticism is prominent regarding Donnas poetry as it is concentrated on the use of metaphysical conceits. He prophesied, The poetry of Done would perish for lack of being understood (Reheated, 1966:202). 26 The thought of metaphysical conceit, pe rhaps, finds its most convinced expression in the words of Gardner: In a metaphysical poem, the conceits are instruments of definition in an argument or instruments to persuade. The poem has something to say which the conceit explicates or something to urge which the conceit helps to forward (1985:21). In terms of conceits, John Done remained an invincible and unparalleled as his conceits got refinement through experiential point of view and gave the references from every discipline of knowledge including science, religion and medicine. Done cannot be held illogical and absurd in defining love through conceits because he addressed the concept through the reality of love in a concrete and similarly appalling way with the aid of the conceit of the compass. The most striking and influential instance of conceit is found in Donnas A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning in which the souls of the two lovers are compared with the points of a compass (Watts, 1990:9). The poet evokes hush: If they be two, they are two so As stiff twin compasses are two, Thy soul the fixed foot, makes no show To move, but doth, if theorem do. The poet, however, manifests his beloved through the geometrical explanation as it is most vivid and persuading like one part of compass moves around and the other part revolves in central point and the two souls of lovers get freedom to roam in the infinite vista of love and emotion. Donnas songs and sonnets as A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, The Flea and Loves Alchemy possess strong position in the poss ible extremely distinctive aspect of the love poetry of Done. He showed his outstanding poetic genius and capability to retain and evoke the essentially multifarious aspects and quality of manly love- love between men and women. The readers of his poetry especially love poetry must share, in some degree, his own capacity for associating widely diverse themes and feelings (Bennett, 1964:14). Done exhibited the variety of conceits through the numerous moods and was capable of portraying and analyzing a wider range of emotion than any other English poet except Shakespeare (Bennett, MOM 3). Furthermore, he added, Done traveled from one International Journal http://www. ]Ella. Com type of experience to another (1964:14). Done cannot be considered as a poet of singular taste as he variegated his options with multiple ones.

What is man free essay sample

This is a question that has been debated since the beginning time and over and over again to this day. The real question is, is there truly an answer? Mark twain seems to believe, as stated in his essay what is Man Which is a conversation between an old man and a young man as some of his other essays were written, that the answer to this question as old as life that men are simply machines. Machines that can only act and think because of what they have seen, heard, or been taught.Now lam no philosophy buff, I have never studied the human brain, and I m certainly no psychiatrist and I dont try and make myself out to be one but I have met many people in my short life so far and to be a cliche as possible every man Ive met have been like a snow flake some look eerily similar but have small details that are different, some are polar opposites, and many are somewhere In between. We will write a custom essay sample on What is man or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I would have to disagree with Mark Twains answer to this question which Is hard to because he is one of the smartest men and greatest writers to ever live. I disagree because men have a conscious, men have personalities, and there is no answer.One reason I Disagree with mark twain is that one huge difference between man and machine is that a man has a conscious and a machine does not. A man thinks before he acts no matter how short or long that they think about it everything they do runs through there conscious. A man cant act without the approval of his conscious If he thinks something Is wrong by his conscious he wont do It. However a conscious can be a very delicate subject because people may argue why is there bad things that happen If this is true, why are there murder and rape and child abuse appending.This is Just more proof that man or not machines, some men cannot fathom killing or raping someone their conscious would never allow it. However, some men think that If they want something to happen anything they have to do to achieve that goal is acceptable and okay by their conscious. This goes to show how all men while created equal are all different and not machines. Machines have no conscious and have nothing to shape their behavior after it is made. Machines do not see things and react to them they simply do as they are told; as they are aerogramme to do machines dont have feelings or a thought process.In fact Mark Twain proves my point in his own argument when the old man says It Is worked solely from the outside. That Is the law of Its make; It is the law of all machines. and No. You cant yourself, but exterior Influences can do It. This Is true In a sense as our experience, the people we surround ourselves with, and the education we receive both in school and on the streets affects all of our decisions and is what forms our conscious or what we think is right. This is exactly what separates us from machines, s man has a choice to make he can decide what to listen to and make his creed while machines cannot.Machines have no personalities. Machines is that all men have personalities. All men have personalities no matter how similar all are different. No matter how many try it is a lost battle from the start, it is impossible to tell a man what to do. You can tell a man what he supposed to do, his Job or, what you want him to do but theres no way to be sure if hell say yes or no. Some men will Jump right up and say yes sir or yes mama and complete his task and mom may even do more then you asked.Some men will say theyll do it but only do some of it, some will say theyll do it and do none. There are also many who will tell you no and to go kick rocks, flip you the bird, and be on his way. With a machine once you turn it on and hit the correct buttons in the correct sequence it will do its Job without a word. Men dont have any buttons some may say our fatal flaw but still there are none. Also there is no guarantee that he will do it right or the way you want it but once you program a machine to how you want it, itll do as its told.One season some could think that men are Just machines is that they dont realize they have a choice they have done what theyre told and had a regiment for daily activities their whole lives. Also huge difference between man and machine is feelings. No machine can truly laugh or cry or be happy, sad, or mad. These feelings affect man every day and in everything he does. This is the one thing that does come from the outside world, you dont learn to be happy or sad and smile or cry its Just something that happens even if you dont want it it happens because its something inside of you.No one wants to cry but sometimes your emotions get moved to tears when something hurts you. Also when something that makes you happy happens you smile. No machine can feel emotions. The biggest reason I disagree with mark twain that the answer to the seemingly unsolvable question is that man is machine is because the question does not have just one answer. There have been some amazingly smart men who tried to tackle this question, all of them geniuses Just like Mark Twain and there is a reason all of the answers theyve come up with havent been totally correct.That reason is that here is no one answer it is almost a trick question. A man is a machine like an engine its heart, brain, and stomach and all organs are. A man I nothing but an animal like a lion doing everything it can to survive in this world killing predators and making a family. A man is like the wind with its spirit you cant see it but you feel it, it emanates out of a person their eyes and actions. Man is no one thing, a man cannot be defined. A man is a accumulation of many great things and some poor. It has many perks and flaws. A man is everything and nothing. A man is what he makes himself.Another reason while all of the men have failed to find the answer to this question is because they are also Just men, and no man can define another man or all man. The only a man can do is define himself The reasons I disagree with Mark Twains answer to what is man are because men have a conscious, men have personalities, and there is no answer as stated below. Man is a very complicated thing so I believe that it would take more than a man to define one. That is exactly what happens when you finally meet your maker and are standing in front of the pearly gates trying to get in.Every man defines himself through his life most of them dont write essays on it or try to define anything but there daily actions define it for them. I am not a genius like mark twain or other be all for not as I said earlier I am no philosophy buff, I have never studied the human brain, and I am certainly no psychiatrist and I dont reckon to be one. To conclude my answer and rebuttal to mark twain is that man is man and machine is machine. However I believe, with no disrespect to Mr.. Twain youd have to be a fool to attempt to define a man that is not yourself.

How to Register for SAT Subject Tests Step-by-Step Guide

How to Register for SAT Subject Tests Step-by-Step Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You might be required or strongly encouraged to take SAT Subject Tests if you're applying to highly selective colleges. Thankfully, registering for SAT Subject Tests is just as easy as registering for the regular SAT. It might take a bit more planning to verify that the test you want is being offered on a certain test date, but otherwise the process is similar. In this article, I’ll go through, step by step, how to register for Subject Tests so you don’t run into any confusion along the way. How to Register for SAT Subject Tests, Step by Step I've described each step of the SAT Subject Test registration process below, with screenshots to help you follow along. Step 1: Check Test Dates First, go tothe official College Board websiteand check to see which SAT Subject Tests are offered on which dates.Once you know the date you want to sign up for, click the blue "Register" link in the column for your desired test date: You'll need to log into your existing College Board account or create a new one if you don’t have one yet (you probably do if you took the regular SAT already). Once you sign in, you’ll be taken to your homepage. Click the yellow "Register for the SAT" button to get to the SAT Registration page below: Step 2: Enter Your Personal Information Click the â€Å"Continue† button in the bottom-right corner of the page.You’ll be taken to a screen that asks you to fill out some personal information if you haven't done so during a previous test registration. This is very important, so make sure everything is accurate! The demographics section is not as critical; it's just there for the College Board to use in statistical calculations.It might take a few minutes to fill out, but don’t worry too much about it: Step 3: Create Your Student Profile Continue to the next module: Create Student Profile.Again, you can skip this step and move on to the next one if you've already filled out your profile from a previous registration. Creating a profile can take a lot of time, but it’s mostly optional. If you fill it out, the College Board will share your information with colleges that will send you mail to try and entice you to apply. You can go ahead and click the â€Å"Update Later† button at the bottom of the screen once you put in your GPA in the â€Å"GPA/Rank† section,which is the only required information: Step 4: SelectYour Subject Test Now you've reached the â€Å"Select Test Center† module, where you must agree to the terms and conditions and can then choose the test center where you plan to take your Subject Test.In the â€Å"Choose Your Test Date† section, select SAT Subject Tests, and then go to the tab for your chosen test date and select up to three Subject Tests: This is also the screen where you’ll need to indicate whether you have been approved for test accommodations or a fee waiver: Step 5: Pick a Test Center On the next page, you will be asked to choose a test center.The zip code that you entered in the Personal Information section should already be there, so you’ll see test centers that are close to your hometown. Keep in mind that not all test centers will be listed as options since some will not offer SAT Subject Tests. This means you might not be able to take your Subject Tests in the same location where you took the regular SAT.Click â€Å"Select† next to the test center you want to use: Now, the screen will look like this: Step 6: Upload a Photo Continue to the next screen where you will be asked to upload a photo of yourself for authentication purposes. This photo will be part of your admission ticket.These are the examples given by the College Board for acceptable photos: Basically, just use a clear photo that fully shows your face, isn’t too close up, and doesn’t include any other people. You can crop your photo after you upload it if necessary. Step 7: Check Out Proceed to the checkout step. Continue past the screen that gives you options to buy lots of prep books if you’re not interested.Review all your personal information and the tests you want to take before clicking â€Å"Make Payment.† You will be asked to confirm your information one last time before you get to the payment screen.You can pay through PayPal or directly with a credit card depending on what’s easier for you: That’s pretty much all there is to it. Registering for SAT Subject Tests isvery similar to registering for the regular SAT, and it shouldn’t take more than 15-20 minutes at most if you skip filling out the information for your student profile (or have already filled it out). Important Registration Tips for SAT Subject Tests Although the SAT Subject Test registration process is pretty straightforward, there are some tips you should keep in mind so that you end up with the best testing experience. First off, make sure you choose the best location. This might not always be your high school! Here’s a guide for how to pick the best test center for your needs. You should also register well before the test's deadline so that you don’t have to pay any late fees.Hereare the upcoming test dates and registration deadlines.Subject Tests are offered on all of these dates except for the one in March. Check this link to verify that the exam you want to take will be offered on the date of your choosing. Be sure to apply for a fee waiver before you register if you think you might qualify.Read our guide formore information on how to get a fee waiver for the SAT and SAT Subject Tests.You can get two fee waivers for SAT Subject Test registration. Thiswaiver will cover your registration for one full test day, so it can pay for one, two, or three subject tests if you take them all at once. The early bird catches the Subject Test worm. Or something like that. I just really enjoy this chubby bird. What's Next? What score should you aim for on your SAT Subject Tests? Learn more about what a good score might look like for you. Some colleges require or recommend two or three Subject Tests. Read our guide to deciding how many you should take. Do you need to take the Math 2 SAT Subject Test?Find outwhen you should take it in order to get your best possible score. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below:

Battle of Saylers Creek in the Civil War

Battle of Saylers Creek in the Civil War Battle of Saylers Creek: Conflict Date: The Battle of Saylers Creek (Sailors Creek) was fought April 6, 1865, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General Philip H. Sheridanapprox. 16,000 men Confederate Lieutenant General Richard EwellLieutenant General Richard Andersonapprox. 11,500 Battle of Saylers Creek - Background: In the wake of the Confederate defeat at Five Forks on April 1, 1865, General Robert E. Lee was driven out of Petersburg by Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant. Also forced to abandon Richmond, Lees army began retreating west with the ultimate goal of re-supplying and moving south into North Carolina to join with General Joseph Johnston. Marching through the night of April 2/3 in several columns, the Confederates intended to rendezvous at Amelia Court House where supplies and rations were expected. As Grant was forced to pause to occupy Petersburg and Richmond, Lee was able to put some space between the armies. Arriving at Amelia on April 4, Lee found trains loaded with munitions but none with food. Forced to pause, Lee sent out forage parties, asked the local populace for aid, and ordered food sent east from Danville along the railroad. Having secured Richmond and Petersburg, Grant tasked Major General Philip Sheridan with leading the pursuit of Lee. Moving west, Sheridans Cavalry Corps and attached infantry fought several rearguard actions with the Confederates and rode ahead in an effort to cut the railroad in front of Lee. Learning that Lee was concentrating at Amelia, he began moving his men towards the town. Having lost his lead on Grants men and believing his delay to be fatal, Lee departed Amelia on April 5 despite securing little food for his men. Retreating west along the railroad towards Jetersville, he soon found that Sheridans men had arrived there first. Stunned as this development precluded a direct march to North Carolina, Lee elected not to attack due to the late hour and instead conducted a night march to the north around the Union left with the goal of reaching Farmville where he believed supplies to be waiting. This movement was spotted around dawn and Union troops resumed their pursuit (Map). Battle of Saylers Creek - Setting the Stage: Pushing west, the Confederate column was led by Lieutenant General James Longstreets combined First and Third Corps, followed by Lieutenant General Richard Andersons small corps, and then Lieutenant General Richard Ewells Reserve Corps which possessed the armys wagon train. Major General John B. Gordons Second Corps acted as the rear guard. Harassed by Sheridans troopers, they were also closely followed by Major General Andrew Humphreys II Corps and Major General Horatio Wrights VI Corps. As the day progressed a gap opened between Longstreet and Anderson which was exploited by the Union cavalry. Correctly guessing that future attacks were likely, Ewell sent the wagon train along a more northern route west. It was followed by Gordon who was under pressure from Humphreys approaching troops. Crossing Little Saylers Creek, Ewell assumed a defensive position along a ridge west of the creek. Blocked by Sheridans cavalry, which was approaching from the south, Anderson was forced to deploy southwest of Ewell. In a dangerous position, the two Confederate commands were nearly back-to-back. Building up strength opposite Ewell, Sheridan and Wright opened fire with 20 guns around 5:15 PM. Battle of Saylers Creek - The Cavalry Strikes: Lacking guns of his own, Ewell was forced to endure this bombardment until Wrights troops started advancing around 6:00 PM. During this time, Major General Wesley Merritt began a series of probing attacks against Andersons position. After several small-scale advances were turned back, Sheridan and Merritt increased the pressure. Advancing with three cavalry divisions armed with Spencer carbines, Merritts men succeeded in engaging Andersons line in close combat and overwhelming his left flank. As Andersons left disintegrated, his line collapsed and his men fled the field. Battle of Saylers Creek - The Hillsman Farm: Unaware that his line of retreat was being cut by Merritt, Ewell prepared to engage Wrights advancing VI Corps. Moving forward from their position near the Hillsman Farm, the Union infantry struggled across rain-swollen Little Saylers Creek before reforming and attacking. In the course of the advance, the Union center outdistanced the units on its flanks and took the brunt of the Confederate fire. Wavering, it was driven back by a small Confederate force led by Major Robert Stiles. This pursuit was halted by the Union artillery (Map). Battle of Saylers Creek - Lockett Farm: Reforming, VI Corps again advanced and succeeded in overlapping the flanks of Ewells line. In bitter fighting, Wrights troops succeeded in collapsing Ewells line capturing around 3,400 men and routing the rest. Among the prisoners were six Confederate generals including Ewell. As Union troops were achieving victory near the Hillman Farm, Humphreys II Corps closed on Gordon and the Confederate wagon train a few miles north near the Lockett Farm. Assuming a position along the eastern rim of a small valley, Gordon sought cover the wagons as they crossed the Double Bridges over Saylers Creek at the valley floor. Unable to handle the heavy traffic, the bridges caused a bottleneck leading to the wagons stacking up in the valley. Arriving on the scene, Major General Andrew A.  Humphreys II Corps deployed and began attacking around dusk. Steadily driving Gordons men back, the Union infantry took the ridge and the fighting continued among the wagons. Under heavy pressure and with Union troops working around his left flank, Gordon retreated to the west side of the valley having lost around 1,700 captured and 200 wagons. As dark descended, the fighting petered out and Gordon began retreating west towards High Bridge (Map). Battle of Saylers Creek - Aftermath: While Union casualties for the Battle of Saylers Creek numbered around 1,150, the Confederate forces engaged lost around 7,700 killed, wounded, and captured. Effectively the death knell of the Army of Northern Virginia, Confederate losses at Saylers Creek represented approximately a quarter of Lees remaining strength. Riding out from Rices Depot, Lee saw the survivors of Ewells and Andersons corps streaming west and exclaimed, My God, has the army dissolved? Consolidating his men at Farmville early on April 7, Lee was able to partially re-provision his men before being forced out by early afternoon. Pushed west and eventually cornered at Appomattox Court House, Lee surrendered his army on April 9.

Strategy and management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategy and management - Assignment Example This company saw this as an opportunity to expand by capturing the market that had been left by the major industry players. A competitive marketing strategy has been adopted in seeking to help the company to capture the desired market. There different markets available within the industry have prompted competitive strategies to be adopted by the airlines operating within the industry in order to compete effectively. The deregulation of the industry left all the markets and routes open to the available firms. Due to the changing market demographics, there is need to develop products that meet the needs of each market based on the characteristics of the market (Kotler & Keller 2011). These characteristics of the market vary in terms of distance, number of firms in the market and the daily demand for the airline seats. The company has adopted a pricing strategy that is aimed at ensuring all the markets that are available have been accessed. Accessing these markets will enable the company to become competitive within the industry by reaching a wide range of markets. The company has adopted an approach of flying once within each route in seeking to ensure that they have an extensive reach. As time progresses, there is hope to increase the number of flights to different routes to maximise on the widening customer base. The company is focused on flying within routes that terminate at large cities as they have large airline connecting and their clients can connect too many destinations. This approach has been adopted in order to ensure the customers are satisfied by the services as they can reach destinations where they connect to other airlines (Middleton & Clarke 2012). The preference for many customers is direct flights and the company has adopted such routes, except the route D, which has a stop-over. The scheduling element of the flight remains a crucial factor that can

Evaluate the current applications of nanotechnology in medicine Essay - 3

Evaluate the current applications of nanotechnology in medicine. Discuss the potential future of nanomedicine based on current issues identified in the literature - Essay Example Some of the initial uses of nanotechnology have encompassed the use of antimicrobial coatings that are usually made of nanoparticulate silver on would dressings to stop infections and on items like catheters to stop the biofilms from forming (Krebs, 2010, p. 55). There has been work that has been directed at finding whether silver nanoparticle could be applied to wounds in a direct manner. In the medical field, nanotechnology has been applied in a variety of areas that include imaging and heating, soft tissue repair, orthopaedics, dentistry as well as surgery and drug delivery. The idea behind nanotech imaging is fairly direct in that it tags nanoparticles that show up in x-rays and MRIs with suitable antibodies and allow them to find the cells that are being looked for. In the research that involves imaging and heating of the cancer cells, the cells that are tagged absorb laser light more than the normal cells do making it easy for them to be killed by heat with a laser (Cleaveland, 2007). The biological perception of cancer is quickly evolving from disease models that are created from descriptions that are phenomenological to become network models that result from system biology that have the ability to capture the changing pathophysiology of the disease at the molecular level. The diffusion of this perception into a clinically relevant structure may have an enabling effect on the fight against cancer even though it remains a scientific and technological challenge. Nanotherapeutic approaches that are supposed to enhance efficiency while at the same time reducing the toxic side effects that are linked with the chemotherapies that treat cancer are being sought. Nanotechnology is being used in the treatment of cancer in two wide areas that include the development of nanovectors like nanoparticles that may contain medications or imaging agents which are

C20th Century Drama English Coursework Essay Example for Free

C20th Century Drama English Coursework Essay This particular play is A view from a Bridge written by Arthur Miller. Arthur Miller was born on October 17th, 1915, in New York City. His parents were both Illegal Immigrants in the United States, which links to the background of the play. A view from the Bridge was first produced as a one-act play in verse 1955; Arthur divorces his wife to marry his co-star actress Marilyn Monroe Miller has now become Americas worlds popular playwrights. Most of his plays are about the society and the responsibilities of its relation. But also in all the plays they hide a deep considerate of how people act and behave with the situation of life around them. These obstacles they face which they have to successfully defeat over. A view from a Bridge has its roots in the late 1940s when Miller was interested in the work and lives of New York. Miller purposely wanted the play to be a modern version of a Greek Tragedy, which a main character is faced with trying, daring situations, which cannot be escaped from. In this play a tragic hero commits an offence unexpectedly. He then learns from his misdeed and therefore must die for his actions. Then as it is a Greek Mythology the Gods restores the Universe. In this play the Hero is inked onto a man named Eddie Carbone. He is uniquely and ordinary everyday man. Courteous, hard working and a man that people liked. This play is themed on the background of Italian origins, which relates to the dispute of Italians and Americans. This is introduced with Alifieris Speech; This is Red Hook not Sicily now we are civilised, quite American. Now we settle for half. In no longer keep a pistol in my filling cabinet This reflects with the context of the play and links with the storyline. It also reflects on the reason of the main cause concluding to the violence. The story is also based on the American Dream that any person can accomplish what and no matter what upbringing culture or race. He has added this, as in that period of time the American Dream was quite popular which was appropriate for it to relate the aspects of their life. Arthur Miller has produced the main character being the lead role of the play. Eddie Carbone is an Italian Longshoreman working on the New York docks. Eddie is a simple hard workingman who worked on the piers. When his wifes cousins were sent, Marco and Rodolfo, he agrees to refuge them as illegal immigrants from Sicily. First signs of disturbance are when Catherine starts to show attraction to Rodolfo, at this Eddie disapproves. This is because of Eddies over protectiveness towards Catherine. His possessive behaviour towards Catherine brings him to envy towards Rodolfo. Out of anger and rage at the end Eddie reported them to the Immigration Beaureu. In response of ferocity Marco decides to kill Eddie, but Eddie kills himself with the knife. In one section of evidence, which relates to his own downfall is the possessiveness of Catherine. Catherine is Eddies orphaned Niece. In the first scene the audience is immediately given the information that Eddie has a peculiar concern towards his niece. He mentions and details out of her dress sense and suggest it is too short. The evidence showing that he is overprotective is when he indicates that she is walking wavy. I dont like the looks theyre givin you in the candy store the heads are turnin like windmills. In this it is brought immediately to the audience attention of the over protectiveness for his own nice. His concern and obssesiveness of his actions may have a hidden feelings that Eddie has for Catherine. An uncertainty of more than relative love is present with the way he feels for Catherine. Toe Eddie Catherine represents to him as just a baby and therefore she does not understand these things but this is a cover up for his possessive behaviour. In Act 1 page6-10 I suggest his behaviour is both possessive and protective but more possessive. As the conversation of Beatrice, Eddie and Catherine it shows that Eddie treats Catherine like a child, and not the rightful age that she should be treated. The relationship between Eddie and Catherine changes with the arrival of Marco and Rodolfo. As they talk and get to known each other Catherine shows an interest to Rodolfo as she keeps gesturing to Beatrice Hes a real blond He then sings to her Paper Doll, but in a kindest way Eddie tells him to stop. Also that is when the changes of Eddies behaviour begin. He embarrasses Catherine by telling her to go ahead meaning get out. Eddie again tries to humiliate Catherine so that Rodolfo will lose interest by telling him that she wants to be an actress meaning shes a drama queen. But Rodolfo flirts back by saying

The Talloires Declaration :: French History Essays

The Talloires Declaration The Talloires Declaration was born in Talloires, France in 1990 at a conference attended by presidents and chancellors from universities around the world. They believe universities have a duty to take care of the land in order for it to be sustainable and support future generations. The intention of the creators was to find a way to incorporate environmental sustainability in all aspects of educational institutions. They came up with the Talloires Declaration which is an official statement comprised of ten how-to steps to create sustainability. It is supported by universities around the globe who want to incorporate sustainability and environmental literacy in the classroom, in research, in system operations, and in outreach programs. The claim of the Talloires Declaration is â€Å"University leaders must initiate and support mobilization of internal and external resources so that their institutions respond to this urgent challenge.† Already more thanthree hundred university presidents and chancellors from over forty countries have signed the declaration and have incorporated sustainability into their universities by following the framework set by the ten steps. To understand the Talloires Declaration, one must know what sustainability is. The dictionary definition of sustain is â€Å"to keep going: prolong.† Environmental Sustainability is a way of using resources so that they are not depleted and it is a way of living that uses environmental methods such as recycling, solar panels, and little use of resources. In universities across the globe, sustainability has not been incorporated in everyday campus life and this has caused concern about the environmental impacts of those institutions. Each of the ten steps of the Talloires Declaration is open for individual interpretation by each university. The creators purposefully wrote the steps this way because each campus has its own circumstances and environment. These guidelines ensure that universities follow through with sustainability because they motivate and inspire the establishment of a better world. It is good that the same steps are followed by all the universities, that they are dedicated to creating a sustainable future, and that they are held accountable for their actions. The first step of the Talloires Declaration is to spread the word of sustainability and the ways to develop it at the university.

Submission of summary

First introduces the concepts and tools of strategy analysis. Here we can see some of the basic economic and positioning concepts and models of strategy analysis but we can not see how to use it. The overriding concern of each chapter is help to see how to apply the various models introduced (e. g. micro – and the macro economic characteristics). Part One also emphasises that one of the key differences between strategy and results is perfect knowledges of management and having to deal with often very imperfect knowledge in the domain of the strategist.However, it is ossible using advantage and gaining position are key for organizations to become and remain successful. All world recognise, however, that many educational institutions have similar courses of strategy (such as economics and business). Finally, strategies and organizations need to put decisions into practise. Part One have not only to introduce the many models of strategy analysis so that students can become famili ar with them and their use, but also to highlight the limitations of such models and thus avoid unnecessary thinking. Chapter Second comprises chapters which focus on strategy implementation and practice.From this perspective, questions (what, where, how) of organizational structures, cultures and processes become the focus of attention. This section also retains first chapters about strategy but this chapter put the basics for strategy. In particular, the chapter describes the key levels and the debates each has engendered. Also, this chapter Interpreting how micro – and macro level are associated. Chapter Third and Four analyzing about the micro – and macro economics of strategy. This chapters are very Importance for strategy development. Chapter three Is described about micro theory.It researches ow to effectively affect the organization with a certain strategy. Big attention Is placed on the market, supply and demand. Discussions give explanations for this chapter how the supply and demand Intervening In the market. Examples of strategies let to understand and analyze mistakes which can Interfere for company to develop hereafter. Macro theory Is described In the Chapter Fourth where Is discussing about the maln factors. These factors can play a role for company In the future. In this Chapter Is Interpreted how managers have to use the strategy effectively from the economic failures.So, manager may lay out plans for the future and the smoothly conduct the planned strategy. Do not forget about that macroeconomic analyzed economy as a whole functioning. In this Chapter Is seeking to Identify strategic factors which are determined GDP, Inflation and unemployment. Data obtained on the basis Is calculating and analyzing various statistical Indicators who say about micro – and macro – state of the economy. So, how are accepted economic decisions. In the Chapter Fifth Is wrlttlng about very Important topic for strategy – Industry analysis and competltlve strategy.How Is wrlttlng, strategy can not exlct without the concept of competltlve strategy. The successful firm has to analyze the competltlon and need to know how It can help for strategy. It Is possible to achieve success with the common market segments, quality Improvement and practice are starting to show in Chapter Three and Four. And in this chapter further explores not only the competitive strategy, but also to the importance of the strategy. Using The Porter's five forces industry analysis framework is not difficult to manage further industrial activity and make it more attractive.It is easier to attract company profits. Also in this Chapter The value chain and the balanced scorecard has big value for strategy. We can easily analyze the company's financial performance. In general, this Chapter can not to be separated from basics of economy because it helps successful development of the company's internal and external activities, evaluate the compa ny's progress and determine the strategy thinking. If we want to understand competitive strategy we have to analyze its position using the economy. The Chapter Sixth is illustrated very specifically using economic factors.This is continuetion of micro – and macro – basics of theories and most important factors about competitive strategy. This Chapter shows how companies, employees and customers have to understand their position of the demand and supply side. All of this leads to the development of the company's business model which perfectly answers the question: â€Å"where money comes from? † A business model defines how the company develops, provides and maintains the value. One more Chapter is about competitive strategy which analyzing the strategic capacity.This is Chapter Seventh hich is seeking to understand more about strategy and favorable factors for it. The whole bases are of resource-based and competences which helps to know how to manage the busines s value and development. From the beginning of Chapter Seventh main topics are resource-based and competences. A clear and rigorous analysis of resource-based and the relevant competences concepts provides with the theoretical grounding and depth of analysis vital to understanding business and corporate level strategy. Everything is continuing in next Chapter where is talking how to movie from theory to practice.In this Chapter strong emphasis on strategy in practice but it is not enough. It helps to place only strategy into the broader context of organization and management. Chapter Eight present the total life cycle model which is analyzing three main themes. It is the theme of start-ups and the role of entrepreneurs, concerned with issues of corporate failure and turnarounds and how entry strategies are conceived to organized resistance. These themes perfectly reflect the benefits of providing a system we Just have to use it very sensibly. Each of these practical examples brings out its own lesson.It requires a lot of due diligence and flexibility. That is, each strategy can make the new developments. Also we can use the life cycle model to develop the perfect market but everything is changing, nothing on the move, changing and strategy management. This cycle can be used anyway and go purposefully toward a goal, not to include everything, but the most effective use of assertions. Thus, the strategy may have a lot of options. It needs to adapt and everything to calculate and see every detail. After all, every detail can be expensive the entire company.

Medicare Funding Crisis Essay

As the newly appointed chief of staff I have been tasked with responding to a proposal for reducing Medicare expenditures by enrolling participants in HMO. I understand that we have some key questions must be addressed and that we must justify our position on either economic efficiency or equity grounds. Outlined below are some of the questions that must be answered in order address this issue properly. Is Medicare in a state of crisis? Are you aware of the various policies that are being enacted from each state to state regarding the qualification of Medicare? Medicare is funded by the federal government and each state is responsible for operating the Medicare program as well as the local Medicaid programs. However, premiums have increased for Medicare and also, the coverage has changed in the past few years requiring people to purchase additional supplemental Medicare policies – this is difficult for elderly that have fixed incomes. If the elderly are unable to purchase Medicare, they will go uninsured. The Medicare system is double-funded. It is funded by the taxpayer (federal dollar) as well as the premiums being collected. But, in being double-funded, the coverage is still not as high as most private insurance companies making them appear with less quality. Are radical measures necessary to preserve the program? This is a very interesting question and you will have to take a more subjective approach to answering it. I don’t believe there are radical measures that must be taken to preserve the program because it is funded through two divisions – the federal government (taxpayer) and the premiums being collected. However, the cost of providing the medical services is much higher than the cost being collected. Perhaps a more responsible approach would be to evaluate the cost of the medical services being provided and standardize a cost table among all insurance companies including Medicare. For example, a client may be seen by a physician for a regular check-up and that provider is only allowed to charge Medicare $65. If a client came to that same physician with a private insurance policy, that physician is allowed to charge the private insurance $120. What happens then is that the service under the Medicare payment is not provided in the most quality manner (although, physicians will argue this) because they are getting paid much less by Medicare rates. The physician may spend more time, energy, and commitment to a private paying client because they are getting almost twice the amount of money from the private insurance. It is a matter of motivational service-delivery. The radical measures that need to take place are increasing Medicare rates of reimbursement or mandating lower rates of private insurance to neutralize the risk of receiving poor quality services. How is Medicare funded now? The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), a branch of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), is the federal agency that runs the Medicare Program and monitors Medicaid programs offered by each state. (In 2011, Medicare covered 48.7 million people. Total expenditures in 2011 were $549.1 billion. This money comes from the Medicare Trust Funds. (Medicare.Gov (2010). About OTPN. Retrieved from http://www.medicare.gov/about-us/how-medicare-is-funded/medicare-funding.html) Medicare is funded by the federal government (the taxpayer’s federal taxes out of their paychecks). People may believe that social security pays for Medicare, but it doesn’t. If less people are working, less money is going into the federal â€Å"pool† of money to distribute to Medicare. The nation is at an all-time high for reported unemployment – that means that there is millions of dollars not going into the fund account for Medicare. However, just as many people are seeking medical coverage from Medicare – an imbalance occurs. Why do the elderly feel that Medicare is an insurance program, not a welfare program? Is this perception accurate? Some elderly, in my opinion, believe that Medicare is an insurance program that they are entitled to. During the Great Society movement in the 40’s-60’s, various governmental programs were designed to provide citizens entitlements to human services and welfare needs. The Medicare and Medicaid coverage was designed to provide those that do not have any means to pay for health care a way in which they could maintain their health needs – a right that the government and society has deemed every person should be entitled to; their health. So, depending on the culture, upbringing, and personal philosophy.

Merger essays

Merger essays Hard evidence is what the Matsu*censored*a Vs Zenith was lacking. Zenith could not uncover enough evidence to prove that the Japanese firms had a conspiracy and were charging a predatory price. Zenith could not uncover the MC of the Japanese firms to find out if they were charging below MC. There were restrictions put up on imports by the Japanese government called check prices. This was designed to keep make sure the companies were not charging a predatory price. This does not mean the firms were ever charging below the check price. By offering a purchase discount the firms got around this issue. The Japanese government set up a five-company rule this meant that a Japanese firm could only sell to five other stores. Why would any company charge a predatory price in one market where they will lose money when they are making a large profit in another? The Japanese firms were collusively setting a price in Japan and making a ton of money. With all of this money they were making they could have used it as an investment to predatory price in the US. The Japanese firms will lose lots of money, but if they got rid of the American companies they could raise the price here to. Overall I have learned that this case is very complex case that lacked the hard evidence to convict the Japanese firms of conspiracy and predatory pricing. ...

Women Are Less Engaged in Criminal Activity Than Men

Women Are Less Engaged in Criminal Activity Than Men On Crime: Women Take the High Road Historically Women Are Less Engaged in Crimes Who knows why people commit crimes – maybe because they think they can get away with it. Maybe they’re just desperate, hard up for money, or doing it for the sheer thrill of taking the risk. In any case, people commit crimes every day: an ex-con robbing a convenience store, a businessman giving a client a much-needed, doctor-prescribed painkiller. It’s so easy to commit a crime that they go unnoticed and often without consequence. And if you look at human nature, you see how most of the ruthless criminals of ancient history have mostly always been men. Sure there’s been some women, but women are just less engaged in criminal activity than men. It comes down to anatomy and psychology, parental instincts and statistics. Male and Female Brains Let’s look at brain development for more insight into this argument, that women are less engaged in criminal activity than men. It has been documented that female’s brains develop about an average two years earlier than male brains, so that means a male’s brain develops much later than the female’s brain. It is also common knowledge that the male brain is not fully developed until the age of 25, especially the prefrontal cortex of the brain responsible for impulse control and decision-making. Why is this important? Because it shows how men – especially young men – are more likely to make bad life decisions, ones that most certainly lead to, or involve crime, even if only petty crimes. This is certainly an indication of how women are less engaged in criminal activity than men. With this said, women are also more likely to experience, and pursue, their parental instincts when compared to men – especially young men, 18 to 25, the age when too many young men are arrested for committing various crimes – underage drinking, drinking, and driving, drug possession, assault and battery, etc.; though some of the men being convicted are of course innocent, a majority of them were involved in a crime or crimes. Females – well, teenage girls – reach puberty before males (adolescent boys) do, and females mature much faster than men. While young women are looking for life partners, creating a future, a family, and a life, men their age certainly are not. Young men in their late teens, early 20s, are drinking and driving, doing drugs, taking risks – and frequently break the law. They are not thinking of these things – life partners, their future. Some are, of course, but until they are in their mid-20s, the brains of males are not fully developed like females, which illustrates how males may be more likely to engage in criminal activity than females. Speaking Statistics All you have to do to see that women are less engaged in criminal activity than men is look at the numbers of inmates in the American prison system. A graph on prisonpolicy.org shows the American prison population by gender, â€Å"United States Incarceration Rates By Sex, 2010.† The graph shows the number of people incarcerated per 100,000 people of that sex; it shows 126 females to 1,352 males. If more men are serving time in a penitentiary than women, clearly this is an indication of how more men are engaging in criminal activity than women. In conclusion, women do less crime than men. Consider the evidence – it comes down to anatomy, biology, and psychology; then there’s instincts, sexual vs. parental; and top of that, there are the numbers: there are many more men in prison than women; so men are more likely to engage in criminal activity. Or consider this notion – what if women are just better at hiding their criminal activity than men? It’s a very objective question to consider, and it is always important to consider the alternate school of thought, the other side of things. After all, things aren’t so black and white, more of a gray color, when mixed together. Nonetheless, the evidence illustrates that men are more engaged than women, in criminal activity. This is a problem our society must face with objectivity and compassion. Why is this so? It doesn’t have to be this way, however. There is always a better way to reach and teach young males and get them to steer away from drugs, alcohol abuse – crimes, essentially. There is a problem if the men of your community are in jail and not at home or at work providing for their families.

Determining the project charter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Determining the project charter - Assignment Example A recent study indicated we pay 20% more than other companies in our health care premium for our employees due to their health issues Our concern is the increased health care costs for providing insurance premiums for our own employees due to their ill health , which not only raises our internal expenditure but loss of man days through absenteeism leads to decreased productivity thus impacting the profitability of our organization. Hence we want to create a Recreation and Wellness Intranet Based Health Monitoring system for our employees where we want to introduce health improving strategies like involving employees in physical fitness programmes like soccer, jogging and other well being programmes during the recess period. Then stress reducing classes , motivating employees to quit smoking, manage Body Mass Index, making diet charts through dietetians and incentivizing those who attend these programmes. The implementation of the project will cost 2,50,000$ but the net savings over a 4 year time period would be around 30,00,000$ with a projected 30$ savings per employee/year considering 25000 employees with an additional profitability of 27,50,000$ in 4 years. Thus the implementation cost is only 10.5% of the profitability. Q4. Creating a mind map is useful rather than deploying task hierarchy because it gives an immediate project design plan and helps to assess the benefits and pitfalls of each step so the backup plans are ready and in times of real system failure can be implemented.

Investigate plagiarism at the undergraduate level Essay

Investigate plagiarism at the undergraduate level - Essay Example There is an uptick in the incidences of plagiarism. Therefore, there is a high need of action to eradicate this trend. An essential part of fighting against plagiarism is to teach students the skills to legally and ethically use the sources, so they do not unintentionally step into the plagiarism territory. One of the major excuses for escaping the accusation of plagiarism is that it was unintentional. Regardless if a student intentionally or unintentionally copied someone elses work, either way, it falls under the category of plagiarized work. When researchers refer to someone elses work it means that it was someone elses idea so merrily changing the words does not absolve students from this academic misconduct. It is vital to learn the background of plagiarism to comprehend the exact problem. Textual ownership refers to the thoughts and phrasings that are someone elses property and using them without attributing them back to the owner would be equivalent to committing an academic crime known as plagiarism. Many young students find it difficult to use information that belongs to others into their work (Diane, 2013). Paraphrasing, quoting, or any other form of incorporations such as through diagrams, figures and flowcharts, are some of the means through which students commit this crime intentionally and unintentionally. The studies on plagiarism and cheating have mostly been conducted through student questionnaire, which reveals that there is a strong moral base for students about friendship and good learning. It means that some punishable behavior might be regarded as justifiable, and some officially approved behavior is deemed dubious (Ashworth, Bannister, Thorne & Students, 2006). Studies also suggest that students are often unclear as to what constitutes as plagiarism and what the correct forms of paraphrasing are (Roig, 1997). The

Read the article, and answer the question Assignment

Read the article, and answer the question - Assignment Example Personal power arises due to individual knowledge or expertise, which an individual possesses and can act with authority due to this know how. Formal power can either be reward, legitimate, coercive or information (Dillard 27). Coercive power involves infliction of fear to an individual, with threats such as low pay, to get a person to act in a premeditated manner. Reward power is opposite of coercive, and it involves promises of positive rewards for compliance with certain conduct. An individual in a position to distribute such rewards is viewed to have power over others. Legitimate power arises in formal organisation structure, representing the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy. Information power stems from a person control over information, which other organizational members do not have (Dillard 29-45). Personal power can either be expert, referent or charismatic. Expert power is a powerful source of influence, which stems from possession of a special skill, or knowledge. Referent power arises where people want to associate with an individual who has immerse resources, and as result, such an individual can exercise power over them. Charismatic power streams from an individual personality and interpersonal style, such that other people exercises follower sensitivity over such an individual (Dillard 34-47). Manager objectives in exercising power over different generations of a Company are to achieve set goals. Kate admits that 20 years ago, legitimate power had greater influence, because all she did was tell people what to do, and they executed without resistance. She points out that in the contemporary business environment, negotiations and influence plays a significant role in managing employees. This can be attributed to personal power, because expertise power is the most influential power

Solar Energy Sector In India General Studies Essay

Solar Energy Sector In India General Studies Essay India with abundant sunlight, unutilized manufacturing potential, readily available labour and significant demand for power, is one of the most promising markets for solar energy. The country is currently the seventh largest producer solar photovoltaic (PV) cells and ninth largest producer of solar thermal energy. Most parts of the country receive 4-7 kWh of solar radiation per square meter per day. There are 250-300 clear, sunny days in a year. This puts countrys solar potential at around 600TW per year. Still, solar energy is not the most popular source of renewable energy in India. Wind at 9,522 MW, continues to dominate the renewable energy sector , accounting for over 70% of total renewable capacity of 13,451 MW as of Sept, 2008. This sectoral report tries to cover the niche sector of solar energy in India which is still in nascent stage with very few detailed reports available. The sectoral report covers the size and growth of this sector various government initiatives taken to ensure the growth momentum considering the fact that solar power is still quite costly as compared to conventional sources of power. Thereafter the various key success parameters in the form of various issues challenges which decides the growth in this sector are covered like managing high cost, policy hurdles, environmental concerns, low land availability, power evacuation hurdles, profitability problems, entry barriers for new manufacturing facilities etc. Next the key enablers to sustainable success of solar energy sector in the form of technological innovations is discussed based on various factors. Here the focus is on various upcoming technologies in the solar sector like crystalline silicon, thin film, solar thermal/ CSP etc . Sectoral Report also give a brief overview of the key initiatives in the solar sector taken by a company which made it a leading company in solar sector. Finally the growth projection for the solar sector as a whole is being highlighted. Size and Growth of Solar energy sector in India The government of India started focusing on the solar energy segment when Ministry of New and renewable Energy (MNRE) launched a countrywide solar PV programme as a part of its renewable energy programme. It aimed to provide remote village electrification through decentralized distributed generation(DDG) using solar technologies and promote such technologies for urban, industrial and commercial applications. India has since transformed into a low cost hub for manufacturing solar PV cells and modules, a large proportion of which is exported to other countries. For instance, according to a 2008 study on solar PV industry by Indian Semiconductor Association, India produced 335 MWp of PV products during the period 2002-07 of which 225 MWp was exported. The annual production of solar PV cells increased from 9.5 MW in March 2000 to 110 MW in March 2000. The production of solar PV modules grew from 11 MW to 135 MW over the same period. In 1982, the government launched the national solar thermal energy programme to promote solar technologies such as parabolic troughs, parabolic dishes and solar power towers for generating grid-interactive power. The programme involved increasing awareness about the use of solar thermal energy as well as encouraging the manufacture of solar thermal equipment. The government even subsidized solar thermal products like water heating systems and solar cookers. Since then, Indias solar thermal energy collector area (a solar thermal collector absorbs sunlight to convert it into heat energy) has increased significantly from 119,000 square metres to over 1.66 million square metres as of March 2007. However the number of solar thermal installations (comprising parabolic troughs, parabolic dishes and solar towers) per 1000 people is still very low at 0.52. The MNRE has targeted installing 5 million square metres of collector area by 2012. In terms of end-use, there was area of solar water heating systems and 0.62 million box-type solar cooker units as of Dec, 2007. Recent government initiatives In June 2008, the prime minister launched the National Action Plan for Climate change (NPACC), which categorically targets an increase in solar based generation in country. As part of the plan, the government has approved the creation of national solar mission on the lines of the Atomic Commission. The mission has a target of adding 1000 MW of concentrated solar power in the next 10 years. Also as part of governments plan for solar energy segment is the launch of a major research and development programme which would enable the creation of more affordable and convenient solar power systems, and promote innovations for storing solar power for sustained, long term use. International cooperation would be an important part of RD programme. The US government recently sent a delegation including fourteen US-based solar energy companies on its first trade mission on solar energy in India. Till date the union government has made various concessions for solar energy development in India. The MNRE in an effort to promote large sized grid-interactive solar power generation projects, recently introduced a generation based incentive (GBI) of Rs 15 per kWh for solar PV and Rs 13 per kWh for solar thermal projects. Solar PV power generation plants with minimum installed capacity of 1 MWp per plant are eligible for the incentive. However, the incentive is available only for maximum cumulative capacity of 10 MWp of grid-interactive solar PV power generation projects in a single state, with the overall project size being limited to 50 MWp. Further, no single entity can achieve GBI for projects of more than 5 MW. The industry has been demanding the removal of the total capacity and per plant limits but, so far , no steps have been taken by the government in this regard. The government has also sanctioned the Development of Solar Cities Programme for the Eleventh Plan Period. The programme will extend support to municipal corporations for preparing and implementing the plan to set up 60 solar cities at investment of Rs 5million, which will enable a minimum of 10 per cent reduction in total demand conventional energy by 2012. The Forum of Electricity Regulators, headed by the Chairperson of the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, is working on the road map to achieving the NAPCCs target of sourcing 5% of total power generation from renewable sources. Key Success Parameter for Solar Sector Growth: Handling Issues Challenges Despite these efforts, the solar industry still faces a plethora of issues including high production costs, lack of land, inadequate financing options and rising environment concerns. Moreover, despite the government offering many incentives, the industry is demanding more in order to be commercially viable. Policy Hurdles According to project developers, further policy action is required on the solar energy front. There is still a cloud of confusion surrounding the policy framework. Developers have cited issues as lack of clarity regarding the clearances required to set up operations. Others complain that it takes excessive time to obtain the multiple clearances required. Many developers have also faced problems with state governments as the latter have not adhered to the power purchase agreements. There is also strong demand for removing the cap on MNREs GBI. High Costs Despite costs coming down over the years, power generation from solar PV is still four to five time more expensive than fossil fuel-based generation. The estimated cost of generation from solar PV and solar thermal sources in India is Rs 12-20 per KWh and Rs 10-15 per KWh respectively. On the other hand, power from conventional sources can cost as little as Rs 3-4 per KWh. According to industry estimates, the current tariffs for initial 10-year period are not sufficient to make solar projects viable. This combined with project financing at 12-14 per cent with a loan tenor of seven-eight years result in internal rate of return (IRRs) of 6-10 %. Attractive IRRs have been the single most important factor for growth for the solar PV industry in Europe, with developers receiving at least an incremental return of 4-6 per cent over the capital/ financing cost. Several factors have contributed to this trend. With respect to crystalline solar PV-based power production, one of the most significant cost components is the high cost of energy, which constitutes around 11% of the total production cost (for a vertical integrated plant). Energy costs borne by solar power developers in India are especially high as industrial consumers are typically charged higher energy tariff to cross subsidize domestic and agricultural consumers. Interest cost and depreciation are two other important cost components, comprising 15% of production cost. According to a presentation by Rajeewa Arya, Chief Executive Officer, Mosaer Baer Photo Voltaic , project financing for solar power developers is usually granted at an interest rate of 12-14% for a loan tenor of seven-eight years, making solar PV projects ‘unviable. Thin film based solar PV technology is a cheaper alternative to mono or polysilicon based solar PV technologies as it costs less to manufacture thin film modules. Thin film modules are created by coating entire sheets of glass or steel with thin layers of semiconducting materials, which obviates the need for large quantities of semiconductors, thus lowering energy inputs and, consequently, the cost of production. With thin film modules, there is also added opportunity of locally sourcing raw material. The current cost structure of thin film silicon-based modules varies from Rs 50 to Rs 64per watt peak (Wp) depending on the efficiency (6 to 8.5%) of the module compared to Rs 88.7per Wp for silicon crystalline modules. Entry Barrier against Competitors for Manufacturing Process Solar PV cell manufacturing is a technology-intensive process requiring sophisticated expertise and know how. The technological landscape is changing rapidly. Moreover, as it is challenging for new entrants to replicate the success of companies having a long standing in solar PV market, competition is reduced to an extent. Environmental Concerns Some of the raw materials used for producing solar PV cells, like cadmium , are hazardous. Other raw materials, like plastics are non-biodegradable. Although some of the wasted generated during the manufacturing process is recyclable (for example silicon), not all materials are recyclable . As a result disposal is challenge. Low Land availability Solar Power plants require large areas of land 35-40 acres for a 5 MWp installation. However suitable tracts of land are not always available and land acquisition is sometimes subjected to local resistance. Power Evacuation In the past, it has been often seen that a transmission line is required to be drawn from solar power plant site to the nearest substation, which is usually 4-5 Km away. The concerned power utilities generally insist the line be drawn by the promoter of solar project. Setting up a transmission line is not only unfamiliar work for solar project promoters or engineering, procurement and construction contractor , it also adds substantially to the capital costs incurred. For conventional power plants, the respective transmission or distribution companies set up the line and purchases power from premises of the generating station. This is because TD companies have the experience and legal support to tackle socio-political issues that arises while setting up transmission lines across land owned by multiple landowners. Profitability In addition to raw material and project financing costs, Indian solar PV manufacturing companies face the problem of achieving profitability, as most companies are partially integrated. This means that they either buy wafers and convert them into cells , or buy cells and convert them into modules. In the value chain, 60% of value addition lies in the polysilicon and wafer manufacturing segments. In India, however cell and module manufacturing is largely carried out domestically, leaving polysilicon and wafers to be imported. This leads to a substantial loss in margins, increases the cost of the solar panel, and thereby increases the cost of the energy generated from solar power. If it is assumed that both the partially integrated manufacturer and vertically integrated manufacturer can sell the module at around Rs 145( based on international pricing of a crystalline silicon module), this gives the vertically integrated manufacturer a margin gain of 42 percentage points over the partially integrated one. There are however , several technical limitations as a result of which partial integration is more feasible than vertical integration. These include unavailability of technology and raw material. A key reason for this is high capital requirement for setting up such manufacturing capacities. In light of this , capital subsidies could boost vertical integration and reduce cost of production. Solar Thermal Advantages of Solar Thermal Power Solar Thermal power exhibits a different set of dynamics from solar PV as energy storage is much easier in the former. Solar thermal power plants have systems for heat storage and , consequently , generate power even after sunset . Solar thermal technologies have the additional advantages of being able to generate electricity right after the construction of collector (in other technologies, there is usually a gap between plant construction and production of electricity , which increases the interest cost to investment made). Limitations of Solar Thermal Technology On the flip side, however the technology has two key limitations. First, while PV systems can be installed in proximity to customers , thereby decreasing transmission and distribution costs, concentrated solar thermal systems require optimal solar conditions and large open spaces, which are only available at a great distance from customers. The second reason, as is explained in a report by McKinsey Consulting, â€Å"The ability of concentrated solar thermal power to cut costs further may be limited because it relies on conventional devices such as pipes and reflectors whose costs will probably fall less significantly than those of materials used in semiconductor-based PVs†. Issues Challenges- Going Forward Overall, solar energy costs can be expected to decrease significantly in the future. Capital costs have already declined over the past two decades, bringing down the cost of solar PV and solar thermal. Costs are projected to continue reducing to eventually compete with fossil fuel prices. With economies of scale and development of new technologies, the industry is targeting to achieve a level of Rs6-8 per kWh in three to five years. Analysts have further advocated that developers undertake cost cutting measures such as sharing operational resources, and building the plant closer to consumers to save on transmission expenses etc. Moreover, a carbon tax on coal based generation could provide a significant boost to CSP technology. Breakthroughs in nanotechnology also promises a significant increase in solar cell efficiencies from current values of around 15% to over 50%, which could subsequently reduce the cost of the solar energy produced. Key Success Enabler for Sustainable Growth in Solar: Growth in Technological Innovations Crystalline silicon The development of crystalline silicon technology took shape in 1976 when the government launched a five year programme focusing on indigenous commercial production of solar cells and modules based on crystalline silicon. Advantages of Crystalline Silicon Crystalline silicon technologies have several advantages. They are tried and tested and relatively more widely available in the Indian market, thus familiarity among groups and producers. Consequently, most applications for solar PV use have been designed on the basis of silicon-based PV characteristics. The technology also has relatively high conversion efficiencies of 15 to 18% for the polycrystalline versions and 17-18% for the monocrystalline version. Hence, they are ideal for locations with space constraints as the size of the panels need not be very large. Issues with Crystalline Silicon On the flip side , however , crystalline solar PV technologies are heavily dependent on pure solar grade silicon which has limited supply. Though accessing high quality of sand for manufacturing silicon is not a constraint in India, production of refined metallurgical silicon is costly , complicated and energy intensive. Crystalline technologies are also expensive, costing $2.4 and $2.15 to produce a 1 Watt monocrystalline and polycrystalline cell respectively. Crystalline technologies consume 8-9 grams of silicon per watt. However, silicon is a scarce commodity in India and these costs end up constituting a large part (40-50%) of the module costs. Over the years though, silicon usage in crystalline technologies (in terms of grams per watt) is expected to reduce. Future outlook of Crystalline Silicon The future of crystalline silicon technologies will be driven by technological advances that will establish new benchmarks in solar PV cell efficiency using materials that can trap a higher proportion of incident spectrum and convert it into useful energy and reduce cost by developing less energy intensive techniques of production and benefiting from decreasing polysilicon prices , and reduces waste. In the future, though other emerging technologies are likely to gain prominence , industry experts expect that solar PV systems based on crystalline silicon will dominate the off-grid applications segment with small rooftop-based installations. Though crystalline technologies monopolize the solar PV market at present, they are expected to slowly be replaced by more cost-effective technologies such as those based on thin film. By 2011-12 , the market share of silicon crystalline is expected to decline to 65-70%. Thin Film Thin film-based solar PV technology is a low cost alternative to crystalline silicon. The market share of thin film technologies currently stands at around 8% but is expected to go up to 35%in the next few years in India. In contrast to silicon crystalline technologies, thin films are expected to be especially important for on-grid applications in India Advantages of using Thin Film The key advantage of thin-film technologies is that they are more cost effective than other crystalline-based solar PV technologies as they require fewer materials and energy. Issues with Thin Film However thin film-based technologies are still at research and evolution stage and have relatively lower conversion efficiency compared to silicon crystalline technologies. There are other future challenges. Although thin film technologies have revealed long-term stability, some degradation has been observed. This is yet to be properly understood and dealt with. Moreover, in the long term , the availability and price of tellurium ( a key raw material in the production of thin films) are likely to become a bigger concern when the production capacity level reaches tens of gigawatts. Solar thermal/ CSP In addition to solar PV, solar thermal technology is also gaining traction in India. For on-grid applications, concentrated solar power (CSP) systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. This technology is commercially available with over 12 billion units of operation experience. The one drawback it faces is its use of an oil based heat transfer medium, which restricts operating temperature to up to 400 C , resulting in stream of moderate quality. This technology is again suited for grid connected plants but with high temperature process heat requirement. The highest capacity achieved until now for a single unit with this technology is 10 MWe. This technology is ideally suited for stand-alone, off-grid power systems or clustered to larger grid-connected dish parks. The highest single unit solar capacity achieved with this technology is 25 kWe. In some recent designs, a unit size of about 10 kWe has been claimed. However projected mass production goals and costs are yet to be achieved. Status of Solar Thermal in India The cumulative collector area of solar thermal thermal energy in India has grown steadily from 119,000 sq metres in 1989 to more than 2.6 million square metres in December,2008. Though this is substantial increment , the absolute number of solar thermal installations per 1000 people is very low at 0.52. In terms of end-use, there are 2.6 million square metres of collector area of solar water heating systems and 640,000 box-type solar cooker units as of January, 2009. Issues with spread of Solar Thermal The key disadvantage with all concentrated solar power systems is that the hours of power production coincide theoretically with hours of sunshine. However, with some adaptations , such as energy storage , it is possible to control the hours of power production. According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy , India has a gross potential of about 30 million square meters of collector area. In fact , in its draft policy , it has target of installing 5 million square metres of collector area till 2012. However, given the current status, a lot of distance is yet to be covered. However there are several key issues that needs to be addressed. Solar thermal power developers have to incur a high initial cost of equipment. Solar thermal equipment also requires a large quantity of space compared to conventional electric equipment. Currently , the number of equipment suppliers, spare part manufacturers and service providers for solar thermal equipment is limited. According to industry players , there is an urgent need for developing supply chain that can bring efficiencies to the system , from design to delivery. Concentrated Solar PV systems In order to tackle the above challenges, the industry is experimenting with concentrated solar PV-based systems, which use mirrors or lenses to focus light onto solar PV cells to produce electricity. This is in contrast to concentrated solar power using parabolic troughs or dishes that use heat from sun to produce steam, which turns an electric generator. Concentrated solar PV systems are so far at an experimental stage. Spanish firm Solfocus is working on a 3 MW concentrated solar PV power plant in southern part of the country. Future Growth Projections of Technological innovations in solar Substantial research is being undertaken to come out with more cost-efficient and conversion-efficient versions of solar power technologies. Researchers are targeting conversion efficiencies between 30% to 60% , while using similar low-cost materials and manufacturing techniques. In the solar PV field, new and emerging technologies are being designed to overcome the shortcomings of thin film such as poor electrical performance while maintaining low production costs. New solar cells made of nano materials are reportedly the next big advancement in the solar PV industry. Nano materials exhibit superior properties , such as high strength and flexibility , and trap more energy than conventional solar PV cells. Leading Companies in Solar Sector Applied Materials Inc.: Key success factors Future Growth projections Applied materials creates and commercializes nanomanufacturing technology that helps produce virtually every semiconductor chip and liquid crystal flat panel display in the world. Applied materials built on that expertise to enter PV cell manufacturing equipment industry and become the number one supplier in 2008 (Source: VLSI Research, Inc.) For crystalline silicon, they have the best-in-class tools with a focus on thinnest wafers , highest productivity and higher efficiency . The Precision Wafering System division offers MaxEdge â„ ¢ using the dual wire concept to enable cutting large loads with thin wire along with wire saw systems for cropping and squaring. The Baccini â„ ¢cell division offers the industry-leading solution in line metallization and test that can handle ultra-thin wafers. Further the companys Aton â„ ¢ offers the highest productivity and cost benefits for ARC deposition and passivation in cell manufacturing. For the thin film market, Applied has developed the SunFabâ„ ¢ Thin Film production line , the worlds first line capable of producing 5.7 square meter solar modules. As PV manufacturers seek to build highly automated , efficient plants, Applied Materials ability to commercialize innovative solar technologies and its unmatched global resources and service network bring the promise of a cleaner, brighter energy future. Future Growth Projections in Solar Energy Sector According to analysts and financial consultants, there may be temporary slowdown in the solar energy sector due to the current economic crisis. Funds have become restricted and companies are looking for safer investments. However the situation is going to turn around with increased government focus. According to industry estimates, the total annual demand for solar energy (including solar thermal systems) in India will rise from current 30-40 MW to 700 MW by 2012 due to falling costs of solar systems. The MNRE is targeting a solar energy capacity of 500 MW by the end of the eleventh plan period. However, this target is expected to be surpassed. By 2017, the MNRE expects Indias solar capacity addition is expected to rise from current 30-40 MW per annum to 70 MW by 2012, driven by decreases in the prices of solar PV. Around 50% of capacity addition is expected to come from solar PV based grid-interactive generation. Solar based generation for the grid is expected to be 25 MW, 50 MW, 75 MW and 100 MW in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. The increase will be partially drawn by generation based incentive, which has already led to companies such as Reliance Industries and Moser Baer expressing interest in setting up grid-interactive solar PV plants worth over 1000 MW. All in all , the Indian solar energy industry is looking at busy times ahead. List of References: http://mnes.nic.in/ http://www.powermin.nic.in/ http://www.projectsmonitor.com/ http://www.indiasolar.com/ren-india.htm Datamonitor- Online Library Resources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_India http://www.solarpowerindia.com/ http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ multiple news related to solar power sector http://www.cercind.gov.in/ http://www.crisil.com/research/ Based on Three years of work-experience in power sector related industry contacts Study of various textbooks literature regarding solar energy while I was doing Post Graduate diploma course in Thermal Power Plant engg from an institute under ministry of Power